“I think we should buy a Powerball ticket,”- Mrs. Chris on
Wednesday, Jan 6.
As much as I disdain social media, I’m as addicted as most
other people in my generation, so I know there are a lot of people buzzing
about tomorrow (Saturday, Jan. 9, 2016), when a drawing will be made for a
record $800 million Powerball jackpot.
In my younger years, I occasionally bought a Powerball
ticket when the jackpots surged upwards and hit gaudy new records, entertaining
fantasies of helping family and friends pay off their debts, travelling the
world, and buying one of those miniature giraffes from the old DirecTV
commercials.
I never won a dime off of those tickets.
As it turns out, Mrs. Chris and I did not buy a lotto ticket
for Wednesday’s drawing – and nobody won. That means there’s a tiny, tiny
chance that our numbers, usually chosen at random, could have won for us.
How tiny was that chance? One-in-292 million tiny. If every
person in the U.S. bought one ticket, there’s a pretty good chance one of us
would win the jackpot. So on Saturday, there will probably be millions of
Americans huddled around their television sets at 10:59 PM, and one of them
will end up a very happy and rich person at 11:01.
I won’t be among them.
My wife might be. And good for her. A two dollar investment
to allow her to dream of a 9-digit windfall, even for a day or a few hours,
isn’t terrible.
But I don’t have any faith in that investment personally,
and I no longer dream of catching lottery lightening in the bottle.
Statistically, you’re more likely to remain in relative
wealth and comfort if you avoid the lottery altogether. In fact, there’s economic
research from economists at the University of Pittsburgh, Vanderbilt University
and the University of Kentucky (my alma mater, go Cats!) that suggests lottery
winners are more likely to declare bankruptcy than the general population –
twice as likely as it turns out.
According to more recent statistics, a survey published last
year by the Camelot Group, 44 percent of lottery winners spend all of their
winnings with five years. These survey results may understate the problem,
which is shared by entertainers, sports stars, and heirs to family fortunes –
according to research by the National Endowment for Financial Education, 70
percent of people who suddenly receive a large fund of money lose it within a
few years.
Let’s talk about how. For one thing, if my wife’s numbers
are called on Saturday, she doesn’t get $800 million. She can choose to receive
$800 million in annuitized payments over 29 years (subject to state and federal
taxation), or she can take a substantially lower lump-sum payment of around $500
million. This happens because the $800
million announced jackpot is not actually what you win – it’s the total nominal
dollar payout of the annuity over the 29 year period adjusted to inflation – so
the lottery is selling players a false bill of goods and misrepresenting the
size of its jackpots to begin with. Not exactly a deal I want to get involved
in.
The federal government takes 25 percent of that $500 million
off the top, so it become $375 million. Unless you live in Delaware or Florida
or another state that doesn’t have an income tax, you end up paying both state
and federal income taxes on that money. In my state, federal income tax at the
top bracket – so you’re paying the top federal rate of 39.6 percent, plus a 2
percent pseudo-surtax that high income earners are subjected to through the PEP
and Pease provisions (these actually phase out exemptions and reduce
deductions, but for all intents and purposes they’re an additional tax on
wealth). We’re now down to $219 million.
Social Security and Medicare want their share, a little over
7 percent, which brings us down to around $203 million. Then my home state, New
Jersey, wants to tax me another 9 percent, which brings us down to $184.7
million (it would be nice if, like California and Pennsylvania residents, New
Jersey lottery winners were exempted from the state income tax). We’re not even
considering how schools and municipalities are taking their share of the
winnings.
So when all is said and done, if Mrs. Chris won on Saturday,
she would take home at best 23 percent of the announced jackpot, and around 37
percent of the lump sum payment as figured before taxes. She can, of course,
mitigate some of the tax bite by donating part of her winnings to charity or by
making a gift to a family member (hear that, honey?).
But it is still true that when an individual wins the
lottery, the government is always the biggest winner.
Still, $184 million after taxes is plenty of money — with my
journeyman financial knowledge, I could easily make that money last my entire
lifetime and probably build on the principle for my descendants. Why, then, do
so many lottery winners go broke? Why are they declaring bankruptcy at twice
the rate of the general population?
Because poor people play the lottery and rich people do not. Lottery players tend to already have a lot of
debt (Mrs. Chris should note that we have a pretty heavy debt-to-income
burden). If $184 million doesn’t take care of your debts, you either suck at
managing your finances or you’re a small island republic. But these folks
aren’t using their windfall to pay off their debts.
In fact, lottery players tend to have below-average incomes
and little-to-no financial literacy. In many cases, that’s why they’re playing
the lottery in the first place – buying these $2 chances, twice a week, is
their retirement fantasy (we can’t really call it a plan, plans have a better
than 1-in-292 million chance of success).
But those who follow the weird syncretic study of behavioral
finance, a chimera of economics, personal finance, psychology and sociology,
also cite the impact of a sudden windfall like a lottery jackpot on people’s
behaviors.
Those of us who have entered adulthood keep a ledger
somewhere – in our heads, in our checkbooks, in our online account portals –
somewhere – that reassures us that our income exceeds our expenses over a
period of time – from days or weeks to years and lifetimes. This is because
we’ve worked for our earnings – this money represents time we’ve invested.
When income is from winnings, not earnings, most people toss
that careful accounting out the window for something behavioral accountants
call ‘mental accounting.’ They develop a taste for luxury. They become
impulsive spenders. They become the life of the party (as it turns out, winning
the lottery has a negative impact on life expectancy, too).
For at least half of us, this behavior is difficult to
avoid. It’s like finding out you’re prone to addiction, things start to happen
when the conditions are right and you become a different person.
I can parse this for you. Think about candy, your favorite
candy, in my case it’s Reeces mini peanut butter cups. Think about bringing in
a little bag of 5-to-10 of them from home every day to your desk at work, and
eating them throughout your workday. You’re probably not going to have any
problem dusting off 5-to-10 Reeces minis in a day, but you ration them, eating
one an hour or every 40 minutes, to maximize your enjoyment. Then, one day,
your extremely nice boss (and I do work for great people) drops a bag of 50
Reeces minis on your desk. What happens?
Do you still ration-out your Reeces minis on an hourly
basis? Do you start giving Reeces minis to your co-workers around the office?
Behaviorally, chances are you end up with the same amount of Reeces at the end
of the day that you did on any other day when you just brought 5-to-10 from
home. You lost your incentive to budget and plan. This happens to lottery
winners all the time.
There are real-life examples to back all this up – Jack
Whittaker won a $315 million Powerball jackpot in 2002. He made good decisions
at first – he gave to charity and started a family foundation. Then he started
having problems – some drunk driving convictions, an incident where $545,000 in
cash was stolen from him on the property of a strip club, and the suspicious
death of a granddaughter. By 2007, he had burned through his winnings.
Whittaker is not at all an outside case – lists of lottery
riches-to-rags stories abound on the internet, and are probably more prevalent
than the rags-to-riches narrative lotteries and players are counting on.
Mrs. Chris should also know that the four-year divorce rate
for lottery winners is also higher. Also, only around half of lottery winners
claim to be happier after their windfall than they were before it.
As it turns out, lottery players, who on average spend
around $700 a year on tickets, are gambling just as much for a chance at misery
and ruin as they are for the chance to achieve their dreams.
That doesn’t mean you shouldn’t entertain a get-rich-quick
fantasy and buy a ticket for Saturday’s drawing – just understand that, if your
numbers are drawn, you might be in for more than $184 million worth of
troubles.
I’m not playing. I prefer for my future to depend more on
good, rational decision making, careful planning and skill than a stroke of nearly
impossible good luck.
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Keep it civil and pg-13, please.